From Deng Xiaoping's Three Principles to Wolf Warrior Diplomacy: The Transformation of the Foreign Policy Strategy of Modern China
Research Article
- Edward Otakarovich Chesnokov National Research University – Higher School of Economics chesnokove@gmail.com
-
Nikita Antonovich Argylov
nstitute for Humanitarian Research and Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
nargylov@hse.ru
Elibrary Author_id 810606How to CiteChesnokov E.O., Argylov N.A. From Deng Xiaoping’s Three Principles to Wolf Warrior Diplomacy: The Transformation of the Foreign Policy Strategy of Modern China. Vlast’ (The Authority). 2022. Vol. 30. No. 6. P. 204-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v30i6.9376
Abstract
The article attempts to analyze the evolution of China's foreign policy concept, starting from the Three Principles of Deng Xiaoping to the Wolf Warrior diplomacy of modern China. Since the beginning of the reform and opening-up policy in China, various ideological trends began to emerge as the basis for the country's foreign policy strategy to build. In recent years, however, the media and experts have increasingly associated Chinese diplomacy with the term of wolf warrior and warned of China's increased assertiveness and efforts against the western-centered world in foreign affairs. The Wolf Warrior diplomacy, named after two famous Chinese films, describes the offensive actions of Chinese diplomats to protect China's national interests, often in confrontational ways. However, there is no systematic research on the level of how official wolf warrior diplomacy is or how it relates to Chinese diplomacy under the leadership of Xi Jinping. As a result of the conducted research, the stages of the evolution of China's extra political strategy were revealed. Despite its «youth», the doctrine of the wolf warriors has made a quantum leap in its development, determining the actions of the entire state in the foreign policy arena. This policy will develop and acquire new forms and outlines, which will further lead the country step away from the «peaceful development» and the «three principles» of Deng Xiaoping's foreign policy strategy.Keywords:Three Principles of Deng Xiaoping; Wolf Warrior diplomacy; China; PRC; foreign policy strategy; diplomatic course; history of foreign policyAuthor Biographies
Edward Otakarovich Chesnokov, National Research University – Higher School of EconomicsVisiting Lecturer, Department of Media, St. Petersburg School of Humanities and ArtsNikita Antonovich Argylov, nstitute for Humanitarian Research and Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesCand.Sci. (Pol. Sci.), Research Fellow of the Center for Ethno-sociological ResearchReferences
Bogdanova N.A., Solntseva E.G. 2010. Osobennosti diplomaticheskogo kursa Den Syaopina. – Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. № 2(88). S. 10-14. (RUS.)
Bogdanova N.A., Solntseva E.G. 2018. Osobennosti diplomaticheskogo kursa Den Syaopina. – Manuskript. № 2(88). S. 10-14. (RUS.)
Boyarkina A.V. 2022. K voprosu o diplomatii velikoi derzhavy s kitaiskoi spetsifikoi v «novuyu epokhu». – Crede Experto: transport, obshchestvo, obrazovanie, yazyk. № 1. S. 129-140. (RUS.)
Vinogradov I.S. 2018. Istoriya razvitiya vneshnei politiki KNR. – Obshchestvo: filosofiya, istoriya, kul'tura. № 6. S. 72-77. (RUS.)
Golobokov A.S. 2010. Stanovlenie i razvitie vneshnepoliticheskoi doktriny Kitaya. – Oikumena. Regionovedcheskie issledovaniya. № 3(14). S. 117-124. (RUS.)
Denisov I.E. 2017. Vneshnyaya politika Kitaya pri Si Tszin'pine: preemstvennost' i novatorstvo. – Zhurnal global'nykh transformatsii: politika, ekonomika, pravo. № 5. S. 83-98. (RUS.)
Ivanchenko N.V. 2014. Professional'naya kul'tura cherez prizmu idei konfutsianstva. –Chelyabinskii gumanitarii. № 1(26). S. 22-27. (RUS.)
Kozykina N.V. 2017. Osobennosti diplomatii sovremennogo Kitaya: uchebnoe posobie. Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Ural'skogo universiteta. 148 s. (RUS.)
Lan' Yu. 2021.Transformatsiya kontseptsii «myagkoi sily» v politicheskom diskurse KNR. – Kommunikologiya. № 1. S. 79-88. (RUS.)
Mei Ch. 2021. Vneshnepoliticheskaya doktrina i diplomaticheskaya praktika Si Tszin'pina (2012–2021). – Sovremennaya nauchnaya mysl'. № 5. S. 152-157. (RUS.)
Autor D.H., Dorn D., Hanson G.H. 2013. The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States. – American Economic Review. Vol. 103. Is. 6. P. 2121-2168.
Chen D. 2020. Is China Really Embracing ‘Wolf Warrior’ Diplomacy? – The Diplomat. 09.09.2020. URL: https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/is-china-really-embracing-wolf-warrior-diplomacy/ (accessed 12.11.2022).
Dai Y. 2022. Wolf Warriors and Diplomacy in the New Era: An Empirical Analysis of China’s Diplomatic Language. – The China Review. Vol. 22. Is. 2. P. 253-283.
Goldstein A. 2020. China’s Grand Strategy under Xi Jinping: Reassurance, Reform, and Resistance. – International Security. Vol. 45. Is. 1. P. 164-201.
Langendonk S. 2022. China's Civilian Army: The Making of Wolf Warrior Diplomacy. – International Affairs. Vol. 98. Is. 2. P. 807-808.
Raden M.Y. 2021. China's Wolf Warrior Diplomacy on Social Media in the Era of Covid-19. – Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Vol. 4. No. 2. P. 120-138.
Sullivan J., Wang W. 2022. China's “Wolf Warrior Diplomacy”: The Interaction of Formal Diplomacy and Cyber-Nationalism. – Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. Vol. 1. Is. 21. P. 1-21.
Zhiqun Zhu. 2020. Interpreting China’s ‘Wolf-Warrior Diplomacy‘. – The Diplomat. 15.05.2020. URL: https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/interpreting-chinas-wolf-warrior-diplomacy/ (accessed 12.11.2022).ArticleReceived: 21.12.2022
Citation FormatsOther cite formats:
APAChesnokov, E. O., & Argylov, N. A. (2022). From Deng Xiaoping’s Three Principles to Wolf Warrior Diplomacy: The Transformation of the Foreign Policy Strategy of Modern China. Vlast’ (The Authority), 30(6), 204-214. https://doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v30i6.9376IssueSectionFOCUS ON POLITICSFollowing the submission of the manuscript to the Publisher, the author binds oneself not to publish it somewhere else without permission of the Publisher.