Scientific intelligentsia in Soviet/Russian society: stages of participation in the social contract (experience of historical and sociological analysis)
Research Article
Acknowledgments
The article was written within the framework of the Russian Science Foundation project No. 23-18-00093.
How to Cite
Toshchenko Z.T. Scientific intelligentsia in Soviet/Russian society: stages of participation in the social contract (experience of historical and sociological analysis). Humanities of the South of Russia. 2024. Vol. 13. No. 1. P. 16-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18522/2227-8656.2024.1.1
Abstract
Objective of the study. To characterize the participation of the scientific intelligentsia in the social contract with the Soviet/Russian authorities. Identify the specifics and features of this interaction at various stages of the development of Soviet/Russian society.
The methodological basis of the research. On the basis of existing interpretations of the social contract, the historical and sociological foundations of the study are determined: the social position of scientists, their value orientations, the balance of interests of scientists and authorities, feedback between them.
Results of the study. A generalization of scientific ideas and historical experience made it possible to identify the main characteristics of the social contract: the existence of a meaning and mechanism of interaction between the scientific intelligentsia and political power; how do the basic aspirations, value orientations and interests of scientific staff relate to official policy, what is their agreement based on; Is there a balance of power and a balance of interests, is there feedback that indicates how much the government not only listens, but also hears representatives of science. It is the consideration of these characteristics that allows us to conclude that at the center of this type of social contract is the social contract between the authorities and the scientific intelligentsia in all its diversity and multidimensionality.
Research рerspectives are related to the urgent need to improve the social contract of the scientific intelligentsia with political power in connection with serious problems in ensuring the rational and effective development of science, staffing it, forms and methods of its economic and moral support.
Keywords:
social contract, science, scientists, society, state, feedback
References
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From precarious employment to precarious life. R.I. Anisimov, N.I. Belova, M.B. Bulanova [and others]. Moskva: OOO «Izdatel'stvo «Ves' Mir» = Moscow: LLC Publishing House “Ves Mir”. 2022. 364 p. ISBN 978-5-7777-0886-1. EDN VOKUSY. (In Russ.)
Pilipenko V. In emergency mode. How to protect equipment in the Arctic? 2021; 13: 10. (In Russ.)
Electrification plan of the RSFSR [Text]: Report to the VIII Congress of State Soviets. commission on electrification of Russia. [Introduction. article by acad. G. M. Krzhizhanovsky]. Moskva: Gospolitizdat = Moscow: Gospolitizdat. 1955; 2: 660 p. (In Russ.)
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Posadskov A. L. Soviet scientific elite of the 1930s under the patronage of the Commission for Assistance to Scientists under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR: everyday life, health care, international book connections (1934–1937). Nauchnyy dialog = Scientific dialogue. 2019; 11: 433– 443. DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2019-11-433-443. (In Russ.)
Session of VASKhNIL, August 1948. Lessons for the future. Izvestiya Timiryazevskoy sel'skokhozyaystvennoy akademii = News of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. 2008; 3: 149-175. (In Russ.)
How many scientists are there in the USSR? April 23, 1923. Novosti 100-letney davnosti = News from 100 years ago. Search. 2023. April 20. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/magazine/novosti-100-letnej-davnosti-156/. Retrieved 04/20/2023. (In Russ.)
Smirnov I.P. Window to European science. Independent newspaper. Nauka = Nezavisimaya Gazeta. The science. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.ng.ru/nauka/2023-11-21/9_8882_window.html. Retrieved 11/21/2023 (In Russ.)
Congresses on psychology. Novosti 100-letney davnosti = Events 100 years ago. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/magazine/novosti-100-letnej-davnosti-148/ Retrieved 04/22/2023. (In Russ.)
Stalin I.V. Essays. T. 13. M.: Gosudarstvennoye izdatel'stvo politicheskoy literatury = M.: State Publishing House of Political Literature; 1951. 400–418. (In Russ.)
Stepanenko Yu. Attention actor! The status of a researcher requires adjustments. 2022. 43. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/yurisprudencziya/vnimanie-aktoru-status-nauchnogo-rabotnika-v-rossii-trebuet-korrektirovok/ Retrieved: 10/21/22 (In Russ.)
Arrow of time. Scientific calendar. 2.12.2023. Nezavisimaya Gazeta = Independent newspaper. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.ng.ru/nauka/2023-12-12/16_8900_time.html (In Russ.)
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Wells G. Russia in the Darkness. Translation: I. Vikker, V. Pastoev. “Collected works in 15 volumes. Volume 15." M., Pravda= Moscow, Truth. 1964 [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://rodon.org/ugd/rvm.htm (In Russ.)
Shavrov V.B. History of aircraft designs in the USSR until 1938. Ripol Klassik = Ripol Classic. 1994. 759 p. (In Russ.)
Andreeva N. Paying for the mind. How much does the granite of science cost and why corruption in higher education “reaches the highest levels”. [Electronic resource] Novaya Gazeta = New Newspaper. 2017. 61. June 9 issue. Access mode: https://www.yumpu.com/ru/document (In Russ.)
Balatsky E.V. Reformatting the Russian university in the conditions of a hybrid war: a practice-oriented model. Journal of Economic Regulation. 2022; 13(4): 24–38. DOI: 10.17835/2078-5429.2022.13.4.024-038 (In Russ.)
Bulgakova N. Views of the outpost. Yakutia is predicted to be a driver of innovation. M.: Poisk: nauchno-informatsionnyy portal = Мoscow: Search: scientific information portal. 2021; 13. 3. (In Russ.)
Bukin S. S., Lamin V. A. Program for the creation of the Ural-Kuznetsk plant in the state strategy of Russia. Ural'skiy istoricheskiy vestnik = Ural Historical Bulletin. 2011; 1(30): 5-10. EDN NDOSXN. (In Russ.)
Vaganov A. The Great Patriotic War and state policy in the field of popularization of science. М.: Nezavisimaya Gazeta= Moscow: Independent newspaper. 2020. February 25 issue. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://nvo.ng.ru/science/2020-02-25/15_7802_propaganda.html. Access date: 12/27/2023
All-Russian Congress of Physicists / Events 100 years ago // Search. 2022. September 22. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/magazine/novosti-100-letnej-davnosti-132/
Expulsion instead of execution: deportation of the intelligentsia to the documents Cheka-GPU, 1921-1923. Central. archive of the FSB of Russia; [comp. V. G. Makarov, V. S. Khristoforov]. Moskva: Russkiy put'. OOO Tip. Novosti = Moscow: Russian Way. JSC Tip. News. 2005. 542 p. (In Russ.)
Glavatsky M. E. Philosophical Steamship: the year 1922: Historiography. sketches M.E. Glavatsky. Yekaterinburg: Ur. Izdatel'stvo. Universitet = Ekaterinburg: Ur. Publishing House. University; 2002. 222 p. (In Russ.)
Gorbunov N.P. Memories. Articles. Documentation. M., Nauka = Moscow, Science. 1986. 238 p. (In Russ.)
Graham Lauren Raymond Essays on the history of Russian and Soviet science = Science in Russia and the Soviet Union. Moskva: Yanus-K =Moscow: Janus-K. 1998. 310 p. (In Russ.)
Zaika Yu., Usoltsev A., Baktysheva M. Attraction of the North. The Arctic brings together scientists from different countries. Poisk= Search. 2021; 13. 12. (In Russ.)
Towards the restoration of the seismic network. 25th of April. Sobytiya 100-letney davnosti = Events 100 years ago. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/magazine/novosti-100-letnej-davnosti-156/. Date of the application: 04/20/2023 (In Russ.)
How are you doing, intelligentsia? Sociological essays: collective monograph. Zh. T. Toshchenko, R. I. Anisimov, M. B. Bulanova [and others]. M.: Tsentr sotsial'nogo prognozirovaniya i marketinga = Moscow: Center for Social Forecasting and Marketing. 2018. 360 p. ISBN 978-5-906001-54-2 (In Russ.)
Karpov S.P., Leonova L.S., Borodkin L.I., Tuchkov I.I. To the 80th anniversary of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov // Vestnik MGU = Bulletin of Moscow State University. Episode 8. History. 2014. 1. 3-40. (In Russ.)
Kozlov B. I. Contribution of the Academy of Sciences to the industrialization of Russia. Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk = Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2000; 70(12): 1059-1068. EDN TRQQJR. (In Russ.)
Kozlov B.I., Savina G.A. Communist Academy of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1918–1936). M.: Slovo = Moscow: Word. 2008; 492 p. (In Russ.)
Kolchinsky E.I., Ermolaev A.I. The devastating August 1948: how the authorities fought biology. Politicheskaya kontseptologiya= Political Conceptology. 2018; 3. 89-112 p. (In Russ.)
Kravchenko G.S. Economy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945. M.: Ekonomika =Moscow: Economics. 1970. 400 p. (In Russ.)
Lenin V.I. Sketch of a plan for scientific and technical work. Complete. Collection Op. 1918; 18 228-231. (In Russ.)
Lenin V.I. About the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences // Pol. collection Op. 1918. 36. 372-373. (In Russ.)
Scientific cinema. February 20th. 1923. Novosti 100-letney davnosti = News from 100 years ago. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/magazine/novosti-100-letnej-davnosti-148/ Retrieved 02/16/2023. (In Russ.)
New inventions. Novosti 100-letney davnosti = Events 100 years ago. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/magazine/novosti-100-letnej-davnosti-144/ Retrieved 01/19/2023 (In Russ.)
Microscopes for NARKOMPROS. June 1, 1923. Novosti 100-letney davnosti = Events 100 years ago [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/magazine/novosti-100-letnej-davnosti-160/ Retrieved 05/25/2023 (In Russ.)
From precarious employment to precarious life. R.I. Anisimov, N.I. Belova, M.B. Bulanova [and others]. Moskva: OOO «Izdatel'stvo «Ves' Mir» = Moscow: LLC Publishing House “Ves Mir”. 2022. 364 p. ISBN 978-5-7777-0886-1. EDN VOKUSY. (In Russ.)
Pilipenko V. In emergency mode. How to protect equipment in the Arctic? 2021; 13: 10. (In Russ.)
Electrification plan of the RSFSR [Text]: Report to the VIII Congress of State Soviets. commission on electrification of Russia. [Introduction. article by acad. G. M. Krzhizhanovsky]. Moskva: Gospolitizdat = Moscow: Gospolitizdat. 1955; 2: 660 p. (In Russ.)
Popov V. Attempt on GOELRO. Liter. Gazeta = Liter. Newspaper. 2015. 51-52. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://pub.wikireading.ru/hxAa78ijSd. Access date: 12/27/2023 (In Russ.)
Posadskov A. L. Soviet scientific elite of the 1930s under the patronage of the Commission for Assistance to Scientists under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR: everyday life, health care, international book connections (1934–1937). Nauchnyy dialog = Scientific dialogue. 2019; 11: 433– 443. DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2019-11-433-443. (In Russ.)
Session of VASKhNIL, August 1948. Lessons for the future. Izvestiya Timiryazevskoy sel'skokhozyaystvennoy akademii = News of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. 2008; 3: 149-175. (In Russ.)
How many scientists are there in the USSR? April 23, 1923. Novosti 100-letney davnosti = News from 100 years ago. Search. 2023. April 20. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/magazine/novosti-100-letnej-davnosti-156/. Retrieved 04/20/2023. (In Russ.)
Smirnov I.P. Window to European science. Independent newspaper. Nauka = Nezavisimaya Gazeta. The science. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.ng.ru/nauka/2023-11-21/9_8882_window.html. Retrieved 11/21/2023 (In Russ.)
Congresses on psychology. Novosti 100-letney davnosti = Events 100 years ago. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/magazine/novosti-100-letnej-davnosti-148/ Retrieved 04/22/2023. (In Russ.)
Stalin I.V. Essays. T. 13. M.: Gosudarstvennoye izdatel'stvo politicheskoy literatury = M.: State Publishing House of Political Literature; 1951. 400–418. (In Russ.)
Stepanenko Yu. Attention actor! The status of a researcher requires adjustments. 2022. 43. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://poisknews.ru/yurisprudencziya/vnimanie-aktoru-status-nauchnogo-rabotnika-v-rossii-trebuet-korrektirovok/ Retrieved: 10/21/22 (In Russ.)
Arrow of time. Scientific calendar. 2.12.2023. Nezavisimaya Gazeta = Independent newspaper. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.ng.ru/nauka/2023-12-12/16_8900_time.html (In Russ.)
Toshchenko Zh. T. Social contract and the participation of the intelligentsia in its implementation. Intelligentsiya v epokhu kardinal'nykh tsivilizatsionnykh izmeneniy: sbornik nauchnykh statey. Moskva: RGGU = Intelligentsia in the era of cardinal civilizational changes: a collection of scientific articles. Moscow: Russian State University for the Humanities. 2023. 12-20. EDN ZQJRQR. (In Russ.)
Toshchenko Zh.T. Phantoms of Russian society. M.: Tsentr sotsial'nogo prognozirovaniya i marketinga = M.: Center for Social Forecasting and Marketing. 2015. 668 p. (In Russ.)
Wells G. Russia in the Darkness. Translation: I. Vikker, V. Pastoev. “Collected works in 15 volumes. Volume 15." M., Pravda= Moscow, Truth. 1964 [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://rodon.org/ugd/rvm.htm (In Russ.)
Shavrov V.B. History of aircraft designs in the USSR until 1938. Ripol Klassik = Ripol Classic. 1994. 759 p. (In Russ.)
Article
Received: 10.01.2024
Accepted: 27.02.2024
Citation Formats
Other cite formats:
APA
Toshchenko, Z. T. (2024). Scientific intelligentsia in Soviet/Russian society: stages of participation in the social contract (experience of historical and sociological analysis). Humanities of the South of Russia, 13(1), 16-43. https://doi.org/10.18522/2227-8656.2024.1.1
Section
MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY
