Evolution of Ideas: from the Proletariat to the Precariat
How to Cite
Toshchenko Z.T. Evolution of Ideas: from the Proletariat to the Precariat. Humanities of the South of Russia. 2018. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 13-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23683/2227-8656.2018.3.1
Abstract
The article justifies the emergence of a new social class – precariat; explains the reasons for its occurrence, its structure and its main characteristics. It shows how the ideas about precariat matured in the depths of scientific thought, in world and Russian sociology. Various attempts to explain the process of changing the social structure are analyzed: from the denial of the class nature of modern society to the justification for the emergence and functioning of the middle class and underclass, the attempts to identify the specific groups like the ruling class (bureaucracy), the creative class, estates, etc. According to the author, the main problem in socio- class structure is connected with the problem of employment: formal and informal work, self-employment, extra work and other stratification groups (communities). A comparison of the precariat with other social groups is carried out. The specifics of this class, its place and role in the modern division of labor, its position in the labor market, the first sprouts of its awareness as a "class for itself" are revealed.
Keywords:
society, classes, precariat, proletariat, social structure, employment
References
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Sorokin P.A. (1992). Human. Civilization. Society. M.
Strelkov D.O., Shevchuk A.V. (2010). Freelancers in the Russian labor market. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 2.
Standing G. (2014). Prekariat: a new dangerous class. M.
Tikhonova N.E. (2016). The middle class in the social structure of Russian society. Middle class in modern Russia. Experience of many years of research / Ed. M.K. Gorshkov and N.E. Tikhonova. M.: All the World. P. 310-336.
Tikhonova N.E. (2005). Social stratification in modern Russia. M.: Institute of Sociology, RAS.
Toffler E. (2001). Metamorphoses of power. Knowledge, wealth and strength on the threshold of the 21st century. M.
Toshchenko Zh.T. (2015). Prekariat - a new social class. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 6. P. 3-13.
Toshchenko Zh.T. (2016). Sociology of life. M.: UNITY-DANA.
Florida R. (2007). Creative class: people who change the future. M.
Halbwachs M. (2002). Social Classes and Morphology. M.; St. Petersburg.
Huntington S.F. (2003). The third wave. Democracy in the assessment of the twentieth century. M.: ROSSPEN.
Bauman Z. (1998). Work, consumerism and the new poor. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Bourdieu P. (1998). Le precarite est aujourd'hui partour (Precariousness is Everywhere Nové). Contre-feux. Paris. P. 96-102.
Gorz A. (1982). Farewell to the Working Class: An Essay on Post-Industrial Socialism. London.
Habermas J. (1985). Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne. Frankfurt am Main.
Hardt M., Negri A. (2000). Empire. Cambridge, MA.
Hart K. (1973). Informal Urban Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies. No 1. P. 61-90.
Hochschild A. (2003). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkley: Univer. of California Press.
Weber M. (1978). Economy and Society. Berkley. Vol. 1.
Balabanova E. (1999). Underclass: concept and place in the society. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 12.
Bauman Z. (2008). Flowing modernity. St. Petersburg.
Beck W. (2000). Risk Society. On the way to another modernity. M.
Belousov O.A. (2016). Self-employment as an effective resource of life support for the population of modern Russia. Rossiyskoe predprinimatel'stvo. No. 17.
Bizyukov P. (2014). What is a prekariate? Gazeta.ru. May 1.
Bourdieu P. (2004). Distinction: social criticism of judgments (fragments from the book). Western economic sociology: reader of modern classics. M. : ROSSPEN.
Bourdieu P. (1993). The Market of Symbolic Products. Voprosy sotsiologii. Vol. 1, No. 2.
Wallerstein I. (2001). Analysis of world systems and the situation in the modern world. St. Petersburg.
Weber M. (1990). Selected works. M.
Volkov Yu.G. (2016). Creative class. Rostov-on-Don.
Voslensky M. (1991). Nomenclature. The ruling class of the Soviet Union. M.
Giddens E. (2003). The organization of society: Essays on the theory of structure, M.
Gimpelson V.E., Kapelyushnikov R.I. (2013). Is it normal to be informal? Ekonomicheskiy zhurnal VSHE. No. 1.
Golenkova Z.T., Goliusova Yu.V. (2015). Prekariat as a new phenomenon in the modern social structure. Employee in modern Russia. M.: New chronograph. P. 121-138.
Gontmakher E. (2017). Russian Human Capital: Status and Trends. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. Vol. 61, No. 3.
Gorshkov M.K. (2017). Russian society in the conditions of crisis development. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 1.
Darendorf R. (2002). Modern social conflict. Essay on the policy of freedom. M.
Djilas M. (1961). A new class. M.
Zhvitiashvili A.Sh. (2008). Underclass in the class-stratification structure of the Russian society. Modernization of the social structure of Russian society / otv. red. Z.T. Golenkova. M.: IS RAS.
Ilyin V.I. (2000). Social inequality. M.
Kapelyushnikov R. Informal employment in Russia: what do alternative definitions say? Preprint of the Higher School of Economics. WP3 / 2012/04. Available at: https: //iq/hse/en/news/177671307.html.
Keynes D.M. (2007). General theory of employment, interest and money. Selected / entry. article by NA Makasheva. M.: Eksmo.
Kozina I.M. (2013). Employees of loan work. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 5.
Kordonsky S.G., Dekhant D.K., Molyarenko O.A. (2012). Class components of the social structure of Russia: hypothetical-deductive analysis and attempt of modeling. Mir Rossii. Vol. 21, No. 2. P. 62-102.
Kordonsky S.G. (2008). The class structure of post-Soviet Russia. Moscow: Institute of the Public Opinion Foundation.
Kryshtanovskaya O.V. (2005). The anatomy of the Russian elite. M. : Zakharov.
Lenin V.I. Velykii initiative (On the heroism of the workers in the rear, about the communist subbotniks). Vol. 39.
Maltseva A.V., Shilkina N.E., Makhnitkina O.V. (2016). On empirical indicators of social structure and social stratification Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 10. P. 33-42.
Mareeva S.V. (2016). Number and composition of the middle class in Contemporary Russia. Middle class in modern Russia. Experience of many years of research / Ed. M.K. Gorshkov and N.E. Tikhonova. M.: All the World. P. 15-37.
Marmer E. (2009). What is the prekaryat. Neue Ztiten. No. 5 (071).
Melnik E. (2007). Prekariat of all countries, unite! Weekly 2000 - Freedom of Speech. No. 48. November 30 - December 6.
Mechanic A. (2014). Humiliated and offended by the modern world. Expert. No. 1 (929).
Mikhailova M.N. (2015). Prekariatizatsiya labor relations. Teoriya i praktika obshchestvennogo razvitiya. No. 20.
Nemirovsky V.G. (2017). Representations about justice in the context of the class structure of modern Russian society. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 9. P. 40-47.
Is there a new Russia? (2016) / Ed. O. Shkaratan, G.A. Yastrebov; sci. consultant D. Lein. M.: Univers. kniga.
Ponedelkov A.V. (1995). Elite (Politico-administrative elite: problems of methodologies, sociology, culture). Rostov-on-Don.
Radaev V.V., Shkaratan O.I. (1996). Social stratification. M.: Aspect-Press.
Reznik T.E., Reznik Yu.M. Life strategies of personality. Available at: http://ecsocman. hse.ru/data/381/829/1219/001_Reznik_100-105.pdf.
Simonyan R.Kh. (2016). Without anger and predilection: the economic reforms of the 1990s and their consequences for Russia. M.: Economics.
Sorokin P.A. (1992). Human. Civilization. Society. M.
Strelkov D.O., Shevchuk A.V. (2010). Freelancers in the Russian labor market. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 2.
Standing G. (2014). Prekariat: a new dangerous class. M.
Tikhonova N.E. (2016). The middle class in the social structure of Russian society. Middle class in modern Russia. Experience of many years of research / Ed. M.K. Gorshkov and N.E. Tikhonova. M.: All the World. P. 310-336.
Tikhonova N.E. (2005). Social stratification in modern Russia. M.: Institute of Sociology, RAS.
Toffler E. (2001). Metamorphoses of power. Knowledge, wealth and strength on the threshold of the 21st century. M.
Toshchenko Zh.T. (2015). Prekariat - a new social class. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. No. 6. P. 3-13.
Toshchenko Zh.T. (2016). Sociology of life. M.: UNITY-DANA.
Florida R. (2007). Creative class: people who change the future. M.
Halbwachs M. (2002). Social Classes and Morphology. M.; St. Petersburg.
Huntington S.F. (2003). The third wave. Democracy in the assessment of the twentieth century. M.: ROSSPEN.
Bauman Z. (1998). Work, consumerism and the new poor. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Bourdieu P. (1998). Le precarite est aujourd'hui partour (Precariousness is Everywhere Nové). Contre-feux. Paris. P. 96-102.
Gorz A. (1982). Farewell to the Working Class: An Essay on Post-Industrial Socialism. London.
Habermas J. (1985). Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne. Frankfurt am Main.
Hardt M., Negri A. (2000). Empire. Cambridge, MA.
Hart K. (1973). Informal Urban Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies. No 1. P. 61-90.
Hochschild A. (2003). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkley: Univer. of California Press.
Weber M. (1978). Economy and Society. Berkley. Vol. 1.
Citation Formats
Other cite formats:
APA
Toshchenko, Z. T. (2018). Evolution of Ideas: from the Proletariat to the Precariat. Humanities of the South of Russia, 7(3), 13-29. https://doi.org/10.23683/2227-8656.2018.3.1
Section
MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY
