Sociologicheskaja nauka i social'naja praktika

In Memory

board Editorial — Sun, 18 Dec 2022 23:09:30 +0300

Social Security of Persons with Disabilities: Accessibility for Working-Age Population. Part II

Elena V. Kulagina — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0300

The article, which consists of two parts, proposes approaches and principles for the analysis of the Russian state social security policy for working-age disabled people, based on the experience of welfare states. The second part of the article analyzes the state social security policy during the initial and follow-up examination of working-age persons with disabilities for the period from 2010 to 2020 based on medical-social evaluation data from the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation. Comparisons are made of reduction approaches in Russia and the EU and OECD countries. The article explores how the disability assessment and personnel administration are being restricted, affecting the access to benefits, prospects for rehabilitation and employment promotion, as well as legal guarantees for applicants. The factors of reducing the availability of disability programs are revealed, and categories are identified that are denied soft rules for enrollment, in terms of disability groups, gender, type of settlement and main types of diseases, during initial and follow-up examination – “at the entrance” to the program and when being “pushed to the exit.” The nature of the measures of the anti-crisis social security in 2020 for working-age people with disabilities is revealed.

Social Inequality as a Political and Managerial Problem in the Development of Russian Regions. Part I

Vladimir S. Bogdanov — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0300

The relevance of studying the declared problem is due to the modern social request. The search for its solution becomes the task of the branch scientific discipline of the sociology of management.

This article invites you to familiarize yourself with the interim results of a longitudinal study of the phenomenon of social inequality in the context of studying the domestic management system through the attitude (assessment) of the political and management groups of the regions to the functioning of the established regional management systems, as well as through assessments of the accessibility of the population to basic social institutions (health, education, labor market, housing market). The study was initiated in 2014 at the Center for Sociology and Social Technologies of the IS RAS (hand. A. V. Tikhonov) as part of the Metaproject “Readiness of the domestic management system to solve the problems of modernization and economic development” and today has a monitoring status.

As part of the operationalization of concepts, a definition of the political and management group of activity was developed as determining and/or affecting with varying degrees the nature and quality of the political and management activities of the region in the context of the development of territories.

The basic social institutions are also defined as the basis for production and socio-reproducible (recreational) infrastructures that ensure social and economic efficiency in general, as well as the manageability of the socio-reproducible process at the regional level. To achieve the objectives of the first stage, a methodology was developed and presented for establishing criteria, as well as dominant signs of political and management groups of regions with different levels of socio-cultural development, namely, on the basis of tools and data from mass surveys (2014, 2017, 2020) of an all-Russian scale conducted as part of the implementation of the Metaproject.

The results of the second stage and the general conclusions of the study will be presented in the second part of the article in 2023.

Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Age

Polina M. Kozyreva, Aleksandr I. Smirnov — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the experience of loneliness by the elderly in the context of the problems of adaptation to the conditions of modern Russian reality. Considerable attention is paid to understanding the problems of loneliness of older Russians in a situation of increasing social isolation due to response measures to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis is based on data from the from the “Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics” (RLMS-HSE). It reveals that social isolation prevails in older people, characterized by a reduction or termination of individual contacts, while physical or complete isolation is quite rare. A significant but weak inverse correlation was found between the frequency of feelings of loneliness and the intensity of communication in old age. If employment significantly expands the possibilities of communication and at the same time reduces the severity of the experience of loneliness, then being in a family reduces the frequency of feeling loneliness while maintaining the intensity of communication with other people. Coronavirus restrictions, which have increased isolation, have had a negative impact on the social well-being of older citizens. Significantly increased the number of people experiencing depression, anxiety, depression, danger and fear. More difficult than others to adapt to a new situation are people who constantly or often experience loneliness. But although forced isolation and other pandemic restrictions have given rise to many problems that require an adequate solution, they still have not become destructive stress for the vast majority of older people. As the regime of restrictions eased and awareness of what was happening increased, the majority of older Russians were able to adapt to the new conditions to one degree or another.

Social and Labor Adaptation of Rural Population in the Conditions of Institutional Transformation of the Russian Village

Maria N. Mukhanova — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0300

The purpose of this work is to search for empirical evidence of the process of crystallization of new entrepreneurial layers in the changed institutional and socio-cultural environment of the Russian countryside. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of sectoral employment in the agricultural labor market in all Federal Districts, are considered the mechanisms of adaptation of the rural population to the market economy, which led to the destruction of agricultural enterprises, the emergence of capitalist forms of production and new labor practices – employment in the informal sector, are considered. The information base consisted of data from large-scale panel studies of Rosstat 2012–2021 and the All-Russian Agricultural Censuses of 2006, 2016, 2021, as well as research practice in the regions of the Russian Federation. It was revealed that the share of employed both in general and in regional agricultural markets is decreasing with the growth of economic development, the acceleration of urbanization, the legalization of informal employment, the presence of agricultural producers with advanced technologies, as well as large networks in the service sector in large settlements. Using the example of interdependent processes of reduction of farms and the growth of land and agricultural production, they show how farmers with professional management experience, introducing innovative technologies and techniques, applying new business models in the economy managed to resist and become structures for the modernization of production in the regions. Thus, the results of the study demonstrated the technology of crystallization and formation of new entrepreneurial layers in the socio-structural processes of the Russian countryside.

Subjective Factors of Risk Readiness in the Context of Adaptation to the Bifurcation Environment

Elena V. Shlykova — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0300

The initial point in the article is the statement that in the last two years, changes in the environment of Russians, caused by new and rapidly occurring socially significant events, acquire the character of bifurcation. Based on the position of the concept of L. V. Korel on the essential differences of social adaptation in bifurcation and evolutionary environments by generalizing the results of representative empirical studies, the verification of the leading role of latent adaptive resources and subjective attitudes during adaptation to bifurcation conditions was obtained and the role of risk readiness as a social attitude and adaptive resource was substantiated.

Based on the analysis of data from the RLMS-HSE, the hypothesis about the differences between high and low subjective assessment of risk readiness in terms of attitude to risk; experience of interaction with risks; verbal choice of the mechanism and strategy of adaptation to them; adaptive resources.

Two groups have been identified in the Russian population that are homogeneous in terms of socio-demographic characteristics, but diametrically opposed in terms of the attitude of “readiness for risk”: with high- and low-risk readiness. The differences between these groups in the experience of interacting with risks, the propensity to choose adaptation mechanism and strategy in the bifurcation environment, and in their adaptive potentials are recorded. The vulnerability of a group with lowrisk readiness to depletion of adaptive resources and reduction of adaptive capabilities in bifurcation conditions is substantiated and proposals for the development of its adaptive potential are developed.

Key Approaches to Identifying and Applying Criteria for Assessing Territorial and Socio-Territorial Inequalities in the Regional Context

Valentina A. Shilova — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0300

The author explains the difference between differentiating features of territories that give them peculiar features, and inequalities, that result in unequal access to benefits and needs for the inhabitants of some territories compared with the inhabitants of other territories. Thus, the author defines socio-territorial inequality as differences in material wealth, access to resources, cultural capital, political opportunities, participation in decision-making, etc., determined by the territorial affiliation of individuals, and consequently related to the inequality of the territories themselves. The author attributes regional socio-territorial inequalities to the residence of an individual in a particular region of Russia, with a certain level of development.

The article considers various approaches to identification and assessment of inequalities of territories and as a consequence of socio-territorial inequalities, it is proposed to allocate separate indicators («one-dimensional factors») of territorial characteristics in a group of factors («stratification complexes»): they are defined as belonging to one of the human habitats.

Based on the analysis of the data of a representative survey (conducted in 2019–2020 under the guidance of Prof. A.V. Tikhonov with the support of the RNF grant 19-18-00945) using secondary conceptualization, the author demonstrates inequality in 14 regions of Russia in assessing the state of affairs (by 11 indicators) in labour relations, health, education, law, order and security.

Using the method of paired correlations (Spearman), the author establishes a link between assessments of the state of affairs in a separate system of vital activity and evaluation of management of work on solving problems in a given system. It thus confirms its assumption that the regional management system is a directional process, the evaluation of which involves the assessment of the very situation in a given area.

Criteria for Determining Low-Income Households: Building Practices and Prospects for Improvement

Alexander S. Abroskin, Natalia A. Abroskina — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0300

The article considers the actual problems of the methodology for constructing criteria used in determining low-income households. The purpose of the research is to clarify the criteria developed by Russian statistics based on the accounting of monetary features. The approach proposed in the research to combining monetary and material components allows forming multidimensional criteria reflecting the minimum required level of household provision with financial and material resources, as well as resource capabilities of various household groups. The estimates developed on its basis also make it possible to identify intergroup differences for household groups formed according to multidimensional characteristics. The approbation of the proposed approach in the research was carried out on the basis of the data from the Russian official statistics of living standards, developed under the section «Income, expenses and living conditions of households». According to the approbation results, the deprivation characteristics of the decile income groups of the Russian population were revealed by the level of their provision with housing conditions, durable goods and resources for improving housing conditions. On the basis of criteria developed taking into account non-monetary components, in the low-income households the research identified groups with the status of extreme, desperate and moderate poverty, as well as a group with increased risks of changes in property status. According to the estimates, in 2019 restrictions on housing conditions and the availability of durable goods were fixed in all decile groups of households with per capita monetary incomes up to 35 thousand. rub. per month. This level can be considered as a criterion determining the boundary below which the corresponding income groups of households can be classified as poor on the basis of material resources.

Interethnic Attitudes Through the Prism of Subjective Characteristics of Social Well-Being

Elena Yu. Shchegolkova — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0300

The article is devoted to the analysis of the dependence of assessments of the state of interethnic relations on the nature of the social well-being of the population. The main approaches to the study of social well-being are presented, which is interpreted as an integral characteristic affecting all spheres of human activity, marking a complex indicator of a person’s satisfaction with life in a given society and a generalized indicator of the population’s reaction to social transformations. Based on the materials of representative sociological all-Russian and regional studies, it is shown that social well-being influences the vector of interethnic attitudes. Significant differences in the level of ethnic negativism were found depending on the level of material well-being, satisfaction with the financial situation, life satisfaction, and emotional state. All-Russian surveys show that respondents in a negative emotional state, aggravated by a general disturbing information agenda, are more likely to show malevolence towards people of other nationalities. It is also shown that subjective characteristics of social well-being, based on positive assessments of one’s material well-being and a life-affirming emotional background, reduce the level of hostility towards representatives of other nationalities. The article concludes that in conditions of unresolved socio-economic problems, subjective characteristics of social well-being as a factor of perception of the ethnically “other” increase their importance: low level of material prosperity, lack of stable employment and a decrease in the positive level of everyday emotional state, leads to increased negativism in the perception of the sphere of interethnic interactions. Dissatisfaction with one’s financial situation and life in general is likely to lead to an increase in possible ethnically marked social tensions.

Mongolian Migrants in the USA: “American Dream” or Modern Model of Nomadism

Innokentii G. Aktamov, Anna V. Vinokurova, Munkhbat Orolmaa — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0300

This study is devoted to the analysis of the migration practices of Mongolian citizens moving to the United States. The main purpose of this article is to identify and characterize the main factors contributing to emigration, as well as to describe the practices that have developed among Mongolian migrants in the recent historical period. The relevance of this topic is determined by the peculiarities of the socio-economic development of Mongolia, its strategic and geopolitical significance in the AsiaPacific region. The authors attempted to give a general description of the trends inherent in migration processes in terms of socio-economic and socio-cultural parameters. The objectives of the study are to identify the features of the adaptation practices of Mongolian migrants in the United States, to identify places of compact residence, as well as to build individual strategies in the host society. Particular attention in the study is paid to the analysis of official statistics, studies conducted by international organizations. The results obtained allow us to formulate scenarios for the predictive development of migration flows in the context of changes in the international political and economic situation.

Scientific Conference Through the Eyes of the Participants: XV Kovalev Readings. (St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University November 25–27, 2021)

Tatiana P. Zhidyaeva, Andrey Yu. Khazov — Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 +0300