Work and family: gender inequalities in the distribution of money and time
Research Article
How to Cite
Khotkina Z.A. Work and family: gender inequalities in the distribution of money and time. Population. 2024. Vol. 27. No. S1. P. 147-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/1561-7785-2024-S1-147-160 (in Russ.).
Abstract
The article analyzes the relationship between family and work, as well as the issues of gender inequality that exists in these main spheres of life of women and men. Gender gap indices are used as indicators of inequality in these spheres. The gender gap in the sphere of labor is measured mainly by money, in family — by time. Special attention is paid to the gender pay gap (GPG) as the most recognized marker of economic gender inequality, the magnitude and dynamics of which are largely determined by family-related factors. On the example of changes in the documents of the International Labor Organization (ILO) there are traced the stages in development of the gender equality concept and the turn made to realization that family responsibilities play an important role for workers employed in the economy. The article compares statistical data and results of Russian and international studies on inequality in the family and at work, identifies common features and regularities of the influence of family factors on the size of the GROT, as well as peculiarities of the dynamics of women’s and men’s wages in different countries. Some parallels are drawn between the studies of Claudia Goldin, Nobel laureate 2023 in economics, and the works of Russian authors. The analysis of the relationship between family and work has made it possible to make a number of recommendations for finalizing the National Project «Family» announced by the President.
Keywords:
work, family, gender inequality, gender pay gap (GPG), domestic work, family responsibilities
References
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2. Kalabikhina I. E, Shaikenova Zh. K. Zatraty vremeni na domashnyuyu rabotu: determinanty gendernogo neravenstva [Time spent on household work: the determinants of gender inequality]. Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya: Ekonomicheskiye i sotsial’nyye peremeny [Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes Journal]. 2019. No. 3. P. 261–285. (in Russ.)
3. Mezentseva E. B. Gendernoye razdeleniye domashnego truda: osnovnyye tendentsii i voprosy ekonomicheskoy otsenki [Gender division of domestic labor: main trends and issues of economic assessment]. Gendernoye neravenstvo v sovremennoy Rossii skvoz’ prizmu statistiki [Gender Inequality in Modern Russia through the Prism of Statistics]. Ed. M. E. Baskakov. Moscow. Yeditorial URSS [Editorial URSS]. 2004. Р. 279–315. (in Russ.)
4. Aivazova S. G. Kontrakt «rabotayushchey materi»: narusheniya ili rastorzheniye? (k voprosu ob osobennostyakh gendernoy politiki v sovremennoy Rossii) [The contract of a «working mother»: violations or termination? (on the issue of the specifics of gender policy in modern Russia)]. Zhenshchina v rossiyskom obshchestve [Woman in Russian Society]. 2011. No. 3(60). P. 13–22. (in Russ.)
5. Pankratova E. V., Khasbulatova O. A. Kontseptsiya kachestva semennoy zhizni v sotsiologii: gendernyy aspekt [The concept оf family life quality in sociology: gender aspect]. Zhenshchina v rossiyskom obshchestve [Woman in Russian Society]. 2018. No. 1(86). P. 43–52. DOI: 10.21064/WinRS.2018.1.4. (in Russ.)
6. Chernova Zh. V. Balans sem’i i raboty: politika i individual’nyye strategii materey [The work-family balance: policy and individual mothers’strategies]. Zhurnal issledovaniy sotsial’noy politiki [The Journal of Social Policy Studies]. 2012. No. 3. P. 295–308. (in Russ.)
7. Makarentseva A. O., Biryukova S. S., Tretyakova E. A. Predstavleniya muzhchin i zhenshchin o zatratakh vremeni na rabotu po domu [Perception of time spent on housework among men and women]. Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya: Ekonomicheskiye i sotsial’nyye peremeny [Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes Journal]. 2017. No. 2. P. 97–114. DOI: 10.14515/monitoring.2017.2.06. (in Russ.)
8. Antonov A. I. V stroyu nauchnoy shkoly familizma (o vklade kafedry sotsiologii sem’i i demografii v dostizheniya sotsiologicheskogo fakul’teta MGU) [In the structure of scientific school of familyism (about the contribution of the Department of Sociology of Family and Demography to the achievements of the Sociological Faculty of Moscow State University)]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 18: Sotsiologiya i politologiya [Moscow University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science]. 2019. Vol. 25. No. 4. Р. 37–43. DOI: 10.24290/1029-3736-2019-25-4-37-43 (in Russ.)
9. Shabunova A. A., Rossoshansky A. I. O gendernoj differentsiatsii zarabotnoj platy na rynke truda. [On gender wage differential in labor market]. Problemy razvitiya territorii [Problems of Territory’s Development]. 2013. Issue 5(87). P. 50–56. (in Russ.)
10. Roshchin S. Yu., Emelina N. K. Metody dekompozitsii gendernogo razryva v zarabotnoj plate: sravnitel’nyj analiz [Gender wage gap decomposition methods: comparative analysis]. Prikladnaya ekonometrika [Applied Econometrics]. 2021. No. 2(62). P. 531. DOI: 10.22394/1993-7601-2021-62-5-31 (in Russ.)
11. Roshchin S. Yu., Emelina N. K. Meta-analiz gendernogo razryva v oplate truda v Rossii [A meta-analysis of the Gender Pay Gap in Russia]. Ekonomicheskij zhurnal VShE [HSE Economic Journal]. 2022. Vol. 26. No. 2. P. 213–239. DOI: 10.17323/1813-8691-2022-26-2-213-239 (in Russ.)
12. Oshchepkov A. Gender Pay Gap in Russia: Literature Review and New Decomposition Results. Gendering Post-Soviet Space: Demography, Labour Market and Values in Empirical Research. Eds. T. Karabchuk, K. Kumo, K. Gatskova, E. Skoglund. Springer Publishing Company. 2021. P. 211–233.
13. Goldin C. D. Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women. New York. Oxford University Press. 1990. 287 p. (NBER series on long-term factors in economic development).
14. Goldin C. D. Career and Family: Women’s Century-Long Journey Toward Equity. Princeton University Press. 2021. 344 p.
Article
Received: 09.03.2024
Accepted: 28.05.2024
Citation Formats
Other cite formats:
APA
Khotkina, Z. A. (2024). Work and family: gender inequalities in the distribution of money and time. Population, 27(S1), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.24412/1561-7785-2024-S1-147-160
Section
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF FAMILIES
